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Richard's Institutional Account (United States of America)
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  1. dominant allele
    an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different
    The Nature of Alleles

    A dominant allele is an allele that is almost always expressed, even if only one copy is present.
  2. diploid
    an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell
    The term diploid describes a state in which a cell has two sets of homologous chromosomes, or two chromosomes that are the same.
  3. coding DNA
    sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures
    Another class of non-coding DNA is the "pseudogene", so named because it is believed to be a remnant of a real gene that has suffered mutations and is no longer functional.
  4. intron
    sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein
    The Core Gene Sequence: Introns and Exons

    Genes make up about 1 percent of the total DNA in our genome.
  5. eukaryotic
    having cells with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei
    This theory is also supported by the existence of a eukaryotic organism, called the amoeba, which lacks mitochondria.
  6. nuclear RNA
    ribonucleic acid found in the nucleolus of the cell
    Ribonucleic Acids
    In addition to mRNA, DNA codes for other forms of RNA, including ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). rRNAs and tRNAs participate in protein assembly whereas snRNAs aid in a process called splicing -the process of editing of mRNA before it can be used as a template for protein synthesis.
  7. centromere
    a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
    The most highly repeated sequences found so far in mammals are called "satellite DNA" because their unusual composition allows them to be easily separated from other DNA. These sequences are associated with chromosome structure and are found at the centromeres (or centers) and telomeres (ends) of chromosomes.
  8. phenotypic
    of or relating to or constituting a phenotype
    These expressed, or phenotypic, traits are attributable to genotypic variation in a person's DNA sequence.
  9. linked genes
    any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together
    There are at least a dozen Y-linked genes, in addition to those that code for masculine physical traits.
  10. ribose
    a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid
    However, the ribose sugar component of RNA is slightly different chemically than that of DNA. RNA has a 2' oxygen atom that is not present in DNA. Other fundamental structural differences exist.
  11. allelic
    of or relating to alleles
    Determining the allelic condition used to be accomplished solely through the analysis of pedigrees, much the way Mendel carried out his experiments on peas.
  12. genotypic
    of or relating to or constituting a genotype
    These expressed, or phenotypic, traits are attributable to genotypic variation in a person's DNA sequence.
  13. allele
    any of the forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus
    Methylation also plays an important role in genomic imprinting, which occurs when both maternal and paternal alleles are present but only one allele is expressed while the other remains inactive.
  14. recessive allele
    an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical
    On the other hand, a recessive allele will be expressed only if there are two identical copies of that allele, or for a male, if one copy is present on the X chromosome.
  15. pyrimidine
    a heterocyclic organic compound with a penetrating odor
    A DNA chain is made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A) and guanine (G), which are called purines, and cytosine (C) and thymine (T), referred to as pyrimidines.
  16. prokaryote
    a unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
    The location and base sequence of each promoter site vary for prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (higher organisms), but they are both recognized by RNA polymerase, which can then grab hold of the sequence and drive the production of an mRNA.
  17. structural gene
    a gene that controls the production of a specific protein or peptide
    Structural Genes, Junk DNA, and Regulatory Sequences
    Over 98 percent of the genome is of unknown function.
  18. mRNA
    the template for protein synthesis
    Ribonucleic Acids
    In addition to mRNA, DNA codes for other forms of RNA, including ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). rRNAs and tRNAs participate in protein assembly whereas snRNAs aid in a process called splicing -the process of editing of mRNA before it can be used as a template for protein synthesis.
  19. phenotype
    observable characteristics produced by genes and environment
    When two individuals display different phenotypes of the same trait, they are said to have two different alleles for the same gene.
  20. globin
    a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells
    The Globin Genes: An Example of Transcriptional Regulation

    An example of transcriptional control occurs in the family of genes responsible for the production of globin.
  21. codon
    a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid
    Here the mRNA is translated into protein by decoding the mRNA sequence in blocks of three RNA bases, called codons, where each codon specifies a particular amino acid.
Created on 九月 29, 2009

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